Mushure mekunge nyanzvi yekuAmerica Eric S. Lander yataura zviri pamutemo imwe nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) seyechitatu-chizvarwa molecular marker muna 1996, SNP yakashandiswa zvakanyanya mukuongorora kwehupfumi hwemagariro ehutano, biological genetic linkage mepu, uye vanhu pathogenic gene kuongorora., Kuongororwa kwenjodzi yechirwere uye kufanotaura, kuongororwa kwezvinodhaka zvega, uye mamwe mabiological and medical research field.Mumunda wekuuchika zvirimwa zvemari, kutariswa kweSNP kunogona kuona kusarudzwa kwekutanga kwehunhu hunodiwa.Iyi sarudzo ine maitiro ehupamhi hwepamusoro uye inogona kunyatsodzivirira kupindira kwe morphology uye mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza, nekudaro kupfupisa zvakanyanya nzira yekuberekesa.Naizvozvo, SNP inoita basa rakakura mumunda wekutsvagisa kwekutanga.

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism, SNP) inoreva chiitiko chekuti kune imwechete nucleotide misiyano munzvimbo imwechete mukutevedzana kweDNA kwevanhu vemarudzi akafanana kana akasiyana.Kuiswa, kudzima, kutendeuka uye kuchinjika kwechigadziko chimwe chete zvinogona kukonzera mutsauko uyu.Munguva yakapfuura, tsananguro yeSNP yakanga yakasiyana neyekuchinja.Musiyano wenzvimbo inoda kuti kuwanda kweimwe alleles muhuwandu yakakura kupfuura 1% kuitira kuti itsanangurwe seSNP locus.Nekudaro, nekuwedzera kweazvino biological theories uye kushandiswa kwehunyanzvi, allele frequency haisisiri mamiriro anodiwa kudzikamisa tsananguro yeSNP.Zvinoenderana neiyo imwechete nucleotide variation data inosanganisirwa muSingle Nucleotide Polymorphisms (dbSNP) dhatabhesi pasi peNational Center yeBiotechnology Information (NCBI), yakaderera-frequency yekuisa / kudzima, microsatellite variation, nezvimwe zvinosanganisirwa.

Mumuviri wemunhu, kuwanda kweSNP ndeye 0.1%.Mune mamwe mazwi, kune avhareji yeimwe SNP saiti pa1000 base pairs.Kunyangwe kuwanda kwezvinoitika kwakakwira, hadzisi dzese nzvimbo dzeSNP dzinogona kuve mamakisi ane chekuita nehunhu.Izvi zvinonyanya kuenderana nenzvimbo iyo SNP inoitika.

Theoretically, SNP inogona kuitika chero mukutevedzana kwegenome.SNPs inoitika munharaunda yekodhi inogona kubudisa kuchinja kwakafanana uye kusingafananidzi kushanduka, kureva kuti, amino acid inoshanduka kana kusachinja mberi uye shure kwekuchinja.Iyo yakashandurwa amino acid inowanzoita kuti peptide chain irasikirwe nebasa rayo rekutanga (missense mutation), uye inogonawo kukonzera kududzira kubvisa (nonsense mutation).SNPs inoitika munzvimbo dzisiri dzekodha uye intergenic matunhu anogona kukanganisa mRNA splicing, isiri-coding RNA sequence kuumbwa, uye inosunga inosunga yezvinyorwa zvinyorwa uye DNA.Hukama chaihwo hunoratidzwa mumufananidzo:

Mhando dzeSNP:

Dzakawanda dzakajairwa SNP nzira dzekunyora uye kuenzanisa kwavo

Zvinoenderana nemisimboti yakasiyana, yakajairika SNP nzira dzekuona dzakakamurwa muzvikamu zvinotevera:

Classification kuenzanisa nzira dzekuona

Ongorora: Yakanyorwa patafura pari zvino inoshandiswa zvakanyanya zvinozivikanwa SNP nzira dzekuona, dzimwe nzira dzekuona dzakadai seyakananga saiti hybridization (ASH), chaiyo saiti primer extension (ASPE), single base extension (SBCE), chaiyo saiti yekucheka (ASC), gene chip tekinoroji, mass spectrometry tekinoroji, nezvimwewo hazvina kuiswa uye kuenzaniswa.

Mutengo uye nguva yekucheneswa kwenucleic acid mune dzakati wandei dziri pamusoro dzakajairwa SNP nzira dzekuona hazvidzivisike.Nekudaro, makiti ane hukama akavakirwa paForegene's yakananga PCR tekinoroji inogona kuita zvakananga PCR kana qPCR kukwidziridzwa pamasampuli asina kucheneswa, izvo zvinounza kuve nyore kusati kwamboitika pakuonekwa kweSNP.

Foregene's yakananga PCR yakatevedzana zvigadzirwa zviri nyore uye zvisingaite nhanho dzekuchenesa sampuli, izvo zvinoderedza zvakanyanya nguva uye mutengo unodiwa kugadzirira matemplate.Iyo yakasarudzika Taq polymerase ine yakanakisa amplification kugona uye inogona kushivirira akasiyana inhibitors kubva kune yakaoma amplification nharaunda.Aya maitiro anopa vimbiso yehunyanzvi yekuwana zvigadzirwa zvine goho repamusoro.Forgene Direct PCR/qPCR kits yemhando dzakasiyana dzemienzaniso, senge: nyama dzemhuka (mbeva muswe, zebrafish, zvichingodaro), mashizha ezvirimwa, mhodzi (kusanganisira polysaccharides uye polyphenol samples), nezvimwe.