Iwo mavara matatu SNP ari kwese kwese mukudzidza kwehuwandu hwemajini.Pasinei nekutsvaga kwechirwere chevanhu, chimiro chezvirimwa, kushanduka kwemhuka uye mamorekuru ecology, SNPs inodiwa sehwaro.Zvisinei, kana iwe usina kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwemajini emazuva ano zvichienderana nekutevedzana kwepamusoro-soro, uye kutarisana nemabhii matatu aya, zvinoratidzika se "mutorwa anozivikanwa zvikuru", saka haugone kuita tsvakurudzo inotevera.Saka tisati tatanga kutsvaga kwekutevera, ngatitarisei kuti SNP chii.

SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism), tinogona kuona kubva pazita rayo rakazara rechiRungu, rinoreva single nucleotide variation kana polymorphism.Iyo ine zvakare zita rakasiyana, rinonzi SNV (single nucleotide variation).Mune zvimwe zvidzidzo zvevanhu, avo chete vane huwandu hwehuwandu hwepamusoro kupfuura 1% vanonzi SNPs, asi kutaura zvakanyanya, izvo zviviri zvinogona kusanganiswa.Saka tinogona kutaura kuti SNP, imwe nucleotide polymorphism, inoreva kuchinja umo nucleotide mu genome inotsiviwa neimwe nucleotide.Semuenzaniso, mumufananidzo uri pasi apa, AT base pair inotsiviwa neGC base pair, inova SNP site.

Mufananidzo

Zvisinei, ingave iri "single nucleotide polymorphism" kana "single nucleotide variation", inenge ichitaura, saka data yeSNP inoda genome resequencing sehwaro, kureva kuti, kutevedzana kwemashoko kunotevedzana mushure mokunge genome yemunhu yakarongeka.Kuenzaniswa nejenome, saiti inosiyana neiyo genome inoonekwa seSNP saiti.

Panyaya yeSNPs pamiriwo,iyo Plant Direct PCR kitinogona kushandiswa kukurumidza kuona.

Panyaya yemhando dzekuchinja, SNP inosanganisira shanduko uye shanduko.Shanduko inoreva kutsiviwa kwepurines nepurines kana pyrimidines ine pyrimidines.Shanduko inoreva kutsivana pakati pepurines nepyrimidines.Kuwanda kwekuitika kuchave kwakasiyana, uye mukana wekushandura uchave wakakwirira kudarika wekushandura.

Panyaya yekuti SNP inoitika kupi, maSNP akasiyana achave nemhedzisiro yakasiyana pane genome.SNPs inoitika munharaunda ye intergenic, kureva, nzvimbo iri pakati pemajini pane genome, haigoni kukanganisa basa rejenome, uye kuchinja mu intron kana kumusoro kwekusimudzira nharaunda yejini inogona kuva nemigumisiro pane geni;Iko kushanduka kunoitika munzvimbo dzeexon dzemajini, zvichienderana nekuti dzinokonzeresa shanduko mune encoded amino acids, dzine mhedzisiro dzakasiyana pamabasa ejeni.(Chokwadi, kunyange kana SNPs mbiri dzichikonzera kusiyana kweamino acids, dzine zvakasiyana-siyana pakugadzirwa kweprotein, uye pakupedzisira zvinokonzerwa nehupenyu hwehupenyu hunogona kunge hwakasiyana).

Zvisinei, nhamba yeSNPs inoitika panzvimbo dzemajini inowanzove yakaderera zvikuru kune iyo isiri-gene nzvimbo, nokuti SNP inobata basa rejini inowanzova nemigumisiro yakaipa pakurarama kwemunhu, zvichiita kuti munhu akatakura SNP iyi muboka Pakati pavo yakabviswa.

Hongu, kune zvipenyu zvediploid, machromosomes aripo ari maviri maviri, asi hazvigoneke kuti peya yemakromosomes inyatsofanana kune yega yega.Nokudaro, mamwe maSNP achaonekwawo ari heterozygous, kureva kuti, pane mabhesi maviri panzvimbo iyi pakromosome.Muboka, maSNP genotypes evanhu vakasiyana akaunganidzwa pamwechete, inova hwaro hwekuongorora kwakawanda kunotevera.Mukubatana neunhu, inogona kutongwa kana SNP semucherechedzo wemolecular yakabatanidzwa kune hunhu, iyo QTL (quantitative trait locus) yehunhu inogona kutongwa, uye GWAS (genome-wide association study) kana genetic mepu yekuvaka inogona kuitwa;SNP inogona kushandiswa seye molecular marker Tongai hukama hwekushanduka-shanduka pakati pevanhu;unogona kuongorora kushanda kweSNPs uye kudzidza kuchinja kwechirwere-chekuita;unogona kushandisa SNP allele frequency shanduko kana heterozygous rates uye zvimwe zviratidzo kuti uone nzvimbo dzakasarudzwa pane genome ... nezvimwewo, zvakasanganiswa nezvino Nekugadzirwa kwepamusoro-soro sequencing, mazana ezviuru kana kupfuura nzvimbo dzeSNP dzinogona kuwanikwa kubva kune imwe nzvimbo ye data sequencing.Zvinogona kutaurwa kuti SNP ikozvino yave iyo yekona yehuwandu hwevanhu genetic research.

Ehe, shanduko mumabhesi mune genome haisi nguva dzose kutsiva imwe hwaro neimwe (kunyangwe ichi chiricho chakajairika).Zvinogoneka zvakare kuti imwe kana mashoma mabhesi akashaikwa, kana maviri mabhesi.Mamwe mabhesi akati wandei akaiswa pakati.Iyi nhanho diki yekuisa uye yekudzima inodaidzwa pamwe chete kuti InDel (kupinza uye kudzima), iyo inonyatso reva kuisa nekudzimwa kwezvimedu zvipfupi (chimwe kana akati wandei mabhesi).InDel inoitika panzvimbo yejini inogonawo kukanganisa basa rejini, saka dzimwe nguva InDel inogona kuitawo basa rakakosha mukutsvaga.Asi zvachose, chimiro cheSNP senheyo yekona yehuwandu hwevanhu genetics haisati yazununguka.