Masoja ekudzivirira chirwere, anonziwo immunoglobulins (Ig), ari glycoprotein anonyanya kusunga kune maantigen.
 
Kugadzirira kwakajairika antibody kunogadzirwa nekubaya mhuka uye kuunganidza antiserum.Naizvozvo, antiserum kazhinji ine masoja ekudzivirira chirwere anorwisa mamwe maantigen asina hukama uye zvimwe zvikamu zveprotein muserum.General antigen molecules kazhinji ane akawanda epitopes akasiyana, saka masoja ekudzivirira chirwere zvakare musanganiswa wemasoja ekudzivirira chirwere anorwisa epitopes akawanda akasiyana.Kunyangwe iwo akajairwa serum masoja ekudzivirira chirwere anonangidzirwa kune imwechete epitope achiri kuumbwa neanorwisa mabhakitiriya anogadzirwa neakasiyana B cell clones.Naizvozvo, masoja ekudzivirira echiropa anonziwo mapolyclonal antibodies, kana mapolyclonal antibodies kwenguva pfupi.
 
Monoclonal antibody (monoclonal antibody) masoja ekudzivirira chirwere ane yunifomu anogadzirwa nekamwe chete B cell clone uye anongotarisana neimwe epitope chaiyo.Inowanzo gadzirwa ne hybridoma tekinoroji — hybridoma antibody tekinoroji yakavakirwa pasero fusion tekinoroji, kubatanidza B masero nekugona kuburitsa chaiwo masoja ekudzivirira chirwere uye myeloma masero ane kusingaperi kukura mu B-cell hybridomas.Iyi hybridoma cell ine hunhu hwesero remubereki.Inogona kuwanda nekusingaperi uye isingafi mu vitro senge myeloma masero, uye inogona kugadzira uye kuburitsa masoja ekudzivirira chirwere se splenic lymphocytes.Kuburikidza necloning, mutsara wemonoclonal unobva kune imwechete hybridoma cell, kureva, hybridoma cell line, inogona kuwanikwa.Masoja ekudzivirira chirwere ainogadzira ane masoja ekudzivirira chirwere ane homogenous anopesana neanonzi antigenic determinant, kureva, masoja ekudzivirira chirwere anonzi monoclonal.
 
Masoja ekudzivirira chirwere aripo semonomeri imwe chete kana anopfuura akaita seY (kureva, masoja ekudzivirira chirwere emonoclonal kana mapolyclonal antibodies).Imwe neimwe yakaita Y-yakaita monoma inoumbwa 4 polypeptide cheni, kusanganisira maviri akafanana anorema cheni uye maviri akafanana emwenje cheni.Chiedza cheni uye cheni inorema inodanwa maererano nehuremu hwadzo hwemamorekuru.Pamusoro peiyo Y-yakaita chimiro inzvimbo inoshanduka, inova antigen inosunga nzvimbo.(Chinyorwa kubva kuDetai Bio-Monoclonal Antibody Concept)
 
Antibody chimiro
Heavy chain
Kune marudzi mashanu emammalian Ig heavy cheni, akatumidzwa nemavara echiGiriki α, δ, ε, γ, uye μ.Masoja ekudzivirira chirwere anonzi IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, uye IgM.Maketani anorema akasiyana anosiyana muhukuru uye kuumbwa.α uye γ dzine amino acids angangoita 450, nepo μ uye ε dzine angangoita 550 amino acids.
Cheni imwe neimwe inorema ine matunhu maviri: dunhu rinogara uye nharaunda inoshanduka.Masoja ekudzivirira chirwere emhando imwechete ane dunhu rakafanana risingaperi, asi pane misiyano pakati pemasoja ekudzivirira emhando dzakasiyana.Matunhu anogara aripo emaketani anorema γ, α, uye δ anoumbwa neatatu maIg domains ari tandem, ane hinge dunhu kuti iwedzere kushanduka kwayo;matunhu anogara aripo emaketani anorema μ uye ε anoumbwa ne 4 Ig domains.Nharaunda inoshanduka yecheni inorema yemasoja ekudzivirira chirwere anogadzirwa nemasero eB akasiyana akasiyana, asi nharaunda inoshanduka yemasoja ekudzivirira chirwere anogadzirwa nesero reB rimwechete kana cell clone yakafanana, uye nzvimbo inoshanduka yecheni imwe neimwe inorema inosvika zana negumi pakureba., Uye gadzira imwechete Ig domain.
 
Light cheni
Kune marudzi maviri chete emaketani emwenje mumhuka dzinoyamwisa: rudzi rwe lambda uye rudzi rwekappa.Cheni yega yega yemwenje ine madomasi maviri akabatana: dunhu risingaperi uye nharaunda inoshanduka.Kureba kwecheni yechiedza ndeye 211 ~ 217 amino acids.Cheni mbiri dzemwenje dziri mumudziyo wega wega dzinogara dzakafanana.Kumhuka dzinoyamwisa, cheni yemwenje mumasoja ekudzivirira chirwere ane mhando imwe chete: kappa kana lambda.Mune mamwe ma vertebrates ezasi, akadai sehove dzecartilaginous (cartilage fishes) nehove dzemabhonzo, mamwe marudzi emaketani akareruka akadai serudzi rweiota (iota) anowanikwawo.
 
Fab uye Fc zvikamu
Chikamu cheFc chinogona kusanganiswa zvakananga nemaenzayimu kana madhayi efluorescent kuratidza masoja ekudzivirira chirwere.Ndiyo chikamu icho antibody inoputika pandiro panguva yeELISA maitiro, uye zvakare chikamu icho chechipiri chekudzivirira chinozivikanwa uye chakasungwa mu immunoprecipitation, immunoblotting uye immunohistochemistry.Masoja ekudzivirira chirwere anogona kuitwa hydrolyzed kuita zvikamu zviviri zveF(ab) uye chikamu chimwe cheFc neproteolytic enzymes senge papain, kana anogona kutyorwa kubva munharaunda yehinge ne pepsin uye hydrolyzed kuita chimwe F(ab)2 segment uye chimwe Fc segment.IgG antibody zvidimbu dzimwe nguva zvinobatsira zvakanyanya.Nekuda kwekushaikwa kwechikamu cheFc, chikamu cheF (ab) hachizokwira neantigen, uye hachizotorwa nemaseru edziviriro muzvidzidzo zve vivo.Nekuda kwezvimedu zvidiki zvemamorekuru uye kushaikwa kwemuchinjiko-kubatanidza basa (nekuda kwekushaikwa kweFc segment), iyo Fab segment inowanzo shandiswa radiolabeling muzvidzidzo zvekushanda, uye chikamu cheFc chinonyanya kushandiswa sechivharo chekuvhara muhistochemical staining.
 
Nzvimbo dzakasiyana uye dzinogara dziripo
The variable region (V region) iri pa1/5 kana 1/4 (ine 118 amino acid residues) yeH cheni pedyo neN-terminus uye 1/2 (ine inenge 108-111 amino acid residues) pedyo neN-terminus yeL cheni.Dunhu rega rega reV rine mhete yepeptide inoumbwa ne-intra-chain disulfide bond, uye mhete yega yega yepeptide ine inenge 67 kusvika 75 amino acid inosara.Kuumbwa uye kurongeka kwemaamino acids munharaunda yeV inotarisisa iyo antigen inosunga chaiyo yeantibody.Nekuda kwemhando dzinogara dzichichinja uye kutevedzana kwemaamino acids mudunhu reV, marudzi mazhinji emasoja ekudzivirira chirwere ane akasiyana anosunga antigen chaiwo anogona kuumbwa.Iwo V matunhu eL cheni uye H cheni anonzi VL neVH, zvichiteerana.MuVL neVH, kuumbwa kweamino acid uye kutevedzana kwemamwe matunhu enzvimbo zvine mwero wepamusoro wekusiyana.Matunhu aya anonzi hypervariable regions (HVR).Kuumbwa kweamino acid uye kurongeka kwezvikamu zvisiri zveHVR munharaunda yeV zvakati chengetedzo, inodaidzwa kuti framework region.Kune matatu hypervariable matunhu muVL, kazhinji ari amino acid masara 24 kusvika 34 uye 89 kusvika 97 zvakateerana.MaHVR matatu eVL neVH anonzi HVR1, HVR2 neHVR3, zvichiteerana.Tsvagiridzo uye ongororo yeX-ray crystal diffraction yakaratidza kuti iyo hypervariable dunhu ndiyo nzvimbo inosungirirwa antibody antigen, saka inodaidzwa kunzi complementarity-determining region (CDR).Iyo HVR1, HVR2 neHVR3 yeVL neVH inogona kudaidzwa kuti CDR1, CDR2 neCDR3 zvichiteerana.Kazhinji, CDR3 ine mwero wepamusoro we hypervariability.Iyo hypervariable dunhu zvakare ndiyo nzvimbo huru iyo idiotypic inotsanangura yeIg mamorekuru aripo.Muzviitiko zvakawanda, ketani yeH inoita basa rakakosha pakusunga kune antigen.
Nzvimbo yenguva dzose (C nharaunda)inowanikwa pa 3/4 kana 4/5 (inenge kubva paamino acid 119 kusvika kuC terminal) yeH cheni pedyo neC terminus uye 1/2 (ine zana nemazana mashanu amino acid asara) pedyo neC terminus yeL cheni.Nzvimbo yega yega inoshanda yeketani yeH ine zvingangosvika zana negumi amino acid zvisaririra, uye ine peptide ring inoumbwa ne50-60 amino acid zvisaririra zvakabatanidzwa ne disulfide bond.Iyo amino acid kuumbwa uye kurongeka kwedunhu rino zvinogara zvisingaite mumhuka imwechete Ig isotype L cheni uye yakafanana mhando H ketani.Izvo zvakafanana, inogona kungosunga zvakananga kune antigen inoenderana, asi chimiro cheiyo C dunhu rakafanana, ndiko kuti, ine antigenicity yakafanana.Bhiza rinorwisa munhu IgG yechipiri masoja ekudzivirira chirwere (kana anti-antibody) anogona kusanganiswa neaviri A musanganiswa wemasoja ekudzivirira chirwere (IgG) anorwisa exotoxins akasiyana anoitika.Ichi ndicho hwaro hwakakosha pakugadzirira masoja ekudzivirira chirwere uye kushandisa fluorescein, isotopes, enzymes uye mamwe masoja ekudzivirira chirwere akanyorwa.
 
 
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